汽车散热器的工作原理

发布时间:2018-01-17 点击:4268次 发布人:admin

散热器是一种由外壳、散热水箱、电机、风扇等部件构成,充分利用发动机余热或其他热源的节能型暖风装置。恒宇公司生产的散热器与加热器或发动机冷却液循环系统相连,将来自系统的高温冷却液通过换热水箱变成风,吹到需要热源的空间。

为了避免发动机过热,燃烧室周围的零部件(缸套、缸盖、气门等)必须进行适当的冷却。内燃机的冷却装置有三种形式,水冷却、油冷却和空气冷却。汽车发动机冷却装置以水冷却为主,用气缸水道内的循环水冷却,把水道内受热的水引入散热器(水箱),通过风冷却后再返回到水道内。 为了保证冷却效果,汽车冷却系统一般由散热器(1)、节温器(2)、水泵(3)、缸体水道(4)、缸盖水道(5)、风扇等组成。以轿车为例,散热器负责循环水的冷却,它的水管和散热片多用铝材制成,铝制水管做成扁平形状,散热片带波纹状,注重散热性能,安装方向垂直于空气流动的方向,尽量做到风阻要小,冷却效率要高。

散热器里面的冷却水不是单纯的水,而是由水(符合饮用水质量)、防冻液(通常为乙二醇)和各种专门用途的防腐剂组成的混合物,也称为冷却液。这些冷却液中的防冻液含量占30%~50%,提高了液体的沸点,在一定工作压力之下,轿车冷却液的允许工作温度可达摄氏120度,超过了水的沸点且不容易蒸发。

发动机是由冷却液的循环来实现的,强制冷却液循环的部件是水泵,它由曲轴皮带带动,水泵叶轮推动冷却液在整个系统内循环。这些冷却液对发动机的冷却,要根据发动机的工作情况而随时调节。当发动机温度低的时候,冷却液就在发动机本身内部做小循环,当发动机温度高的时候,冷却液就在发动机—散热器之间做大循环。

实现冷却液做不同循环的控制部件是节温器。节温器实际上是一个阀门,其原理是利用可随温度伸缩的材料,例如石蜡或乙醚之类的材料做开关阀门,当水温高时材料膨胀顶开阀门,冷却液进行大循环,当水温低时材料收缩关闭阀门,冷却液小循环。 

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